The Dust-Cloud Hypothesis Essays - Planetary Science, Astrochemistry

The Dust-Cloud Hypothesis The universe contains huge clouds made up of very large amounts of dustand gas. About 6,000,000,000 (billion) years ago, one of these clouds began to condense. Gravitation--the pull that all objects in the universe have for one another--pulled the gas and dust particles together. As the dust cloud condensed, it began to spin. It spun faster and faster and flattened as it spun. It became shaped like a pancake that is thick at the centre and thin at the edges. The slowly spinning centre condensed to make the sun. But the outer parts of the pancake, or disk, were spinning too fast to condense in one piece. They broke up into smaller swirls, or eddies, which condensed separately to make the planets. The forming sun and planets were made up mostly of gas. They contained much more gas than dust. The earth was far bigger than it is now and probably weighed 500 times as much. The large body of dust and gas forming the sun collapsed rapidly to a much smaller size. The pressure that resulted from the collapse caused the sun to become very hot and to glow brightly. The newly born sun began to heat up the swirling eddy of gas and dust that was to become the earth. The gas expanded, and some of it flowed away into space. The dust that remained behind then collected together because of gravity. Although the shrinking earth generated a lot of heat, most of this heat was lost into space. Therefore, the original earth was most likely solid, not molten. This hypothesis was developed by a scientest, Harold C. Urey in 1952. It is also known as the Urey's hypothesis. He showed that methane, ammonia, and water are the stable forms of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen if an excess of hydrogen is present. Cosmic dust clouds, from which the earth formed, contained a great excess of hydrogen.

Produce an Interactive Multimedia Application Essay Example

Produce an Interactive Multimedia Application Essay Example Produce an Interactive Multimedia Application Essay Produce an Interactive Multimedia Application Essay The assignment will show the different technical issues involved in the development of the interactive multimedia application. This report will talk about the different media assets that have been used and how well they have integrated within the environment. This report will also assess the technical requirements of using media assets in the application. 3.0 Operation Instruction Introduction Page Open the Movie.exe from the CD drive, which will firstly display the following screen: This page displays an introduction to the assignment. There is also an option where the user can skip the introduction by clicking on the enter button straight away while the introduction page is playing a short tune will be played in the back ground and constantly looped the tune will play for 30seconds after the end of the animated text in the introduction. Figure 1 Introduction Page Main Menu Page After clicking on the enter button the user will reach the main menu. This page contains four animated blades spinning around as well as two graphical images (fig-2). A small tune at 30% of original volume will be played in the background and constantly looped while on the menu page. The spinning blades are the buttons on the page, the user can discover what these buttons are by hovering over the button with the mouse, the role over effect shows the user which page that button is going to lead them to (see fig-3). From the main menu page the user can visit the following pages: * Story page * Image page * Sound page * Video page (Figure-2 main page) (Figure-3 role over button) Story Page Once the user clicks onto the story button animated text appears on the screen describing the story of blade, the same tune will carry on playing in the background, until a graphic of blade appears from that point the sound will change. The user will then only have one option which is to go back to the main menu (fig-4) . (Figure-4 screen shot of the story pages) Image page The image page will give the user the option of viewing three images the image menu will contain the same back ground images as the menu page. All the spinning blades then fade into the back ground and are replaces with three animated symbols which keep changing shape (fig-5). When the user roles over the symbol with his curser he is able to tell which image the animated symbol represents (fig-6). Once the user chooses an image the animated symbol will remain frozen on the specified page so that the user knows which image they are viewing. Sound page The sound page has three sample sounds on it one is from the blade theme tune and the other sounds are sounds that have been used in the application, one is from the introduction menu and the other sound is the same music which is constantly being played in the background (Figure-7). The sound page is similar to the image page the user has to role over and click on to one of the three animated symbols to play the sound file, the role over effect will show which sound number they are about to listen to. Once clicked on the desired sound number, the animation will freeze so that the user knows that it is indeed the sound that they have chosen. Images have also been included in this section, once the sound file starts playing a different image will loads up onto the screen for each sound file. A volume control and a stop button have also been added onto each different sound file. The volume can be controlled by dragging the graphic from right to left(Figure-8). Video Page Two videos have been included in this application they both run in the quick time format. Once the user clicks onto the video option. The option to play both videos is give on the video screen (Figure-8). Two identical images cover the section where the videos will play. Then the user clicks to play the first video, the video plays and the second image remains the same and vice-versa (Figure-9). Interaction Diagram Interaction Diagram Story Interaction diagram images Interaction diagram Sound Interaction diagram Video The problems encountered I encountered many problems while doing this assignment. Even though I thoroughly enjoyed this module. In this module I have learned a great deal about Director and Flash. There were many things I discovered that were not allowable in director. For example I had a movies, which I really wanted to play in my Director movie, but was not able to do so, as Director did not accept the format of the videos (.ram format). I did not expect any coding in Director, however the Lingo was not difficult to pick up. Also when I wanted to import an AVI movie in the Director the Play and Stop buttons were playing fine, however the Fast Forward and Rewind buttons were playing rather slow, even when I tried to change the numbers in the scripting to play at different speeds. Doing further researched I found that the AVI files are highly compressed and as a result of this they slow down once they are imported into Director. I then reverted back to my original idea of using quick time videos. I have tried to apply number of different functions to the Director movie, purely because I wanted some form of experience of creating a same effect, but in a different format. For example by rolling a cursor over the spinning blades in the main menu, the role over changes to, story, images, sound and Video. Images Throughout all of this assignment I have used jpeg images. The reason for this that the image size can be kept small and you can still retain the same image quality. The following is a comparison of two images one is a jpeg and the outer is a .. Animation One of the problems that I had when designing my menu page was that I wanted the animation to move to the top right had corner when clicked on. I had great difficulty in achieving this at first as I thought that I would need to do it in flash and I may have to redo all my buttons. I discovered that within director I could get an image or graphic to move towards a sprite. I did this by creating a small transparent spot and putting it onto sprite 7. I then made which ever button was clicked on to move towards this spot. Sound With regards to sound I had difficulty locating the sound track from the BLADE movie. Once I had managed to find the soundtrack of the internet. The sound file was very large. I had to take large portions of the sound track out so I was left with the sound that I wanted. I also realised that if I converted the sound into mp3, the sound file was substantially smaller yet still the same quality. So there for I have used the mp3 format for sound through out the application. Video I have included two videos in this application both videos are in the quick time format, I have kept them in quick time because this is the format, that I feel works best and the video size is smaller. The main major problem that I have encountered was after the creation of the application. As I have sound playing through out the application, the projector file was starting to freeze up especially when you clicked onto the enter page at the beginning of the application and when ever you clicked onto the sound button or video buttons. I rectified the problem by streaming. Time Management Throughout this assignment I spend a lot of time on getting all of my animations to work correctly, all the animations where done in flash. It was only after I had imported them into director, did I discover that some of the animations could have easily been done in director and in half the time taken in flash. For example the spinning blades that are on the menu screen where done in flash, but these could have easily been done in director by using the library pallet and by choosing the rotate Continuously button as shown in figureX Figure X the video page; The fire on the text page; The rotating world on the main menu; The rotating ball on the sound page and the cinema. Technology Analysis Multimedia Asset Wave file A Wave file is an audio file format, created by Microsoft, that has become a standard PC audio file format for everything from system and game sounds to CD-quality audio. A Wave file is identified by a file name extension of WAV (.wav). Used primarily in PCs, the Wave file format has been accepted as a viable interchange medium for other computer platforms, such as Macintosh. This allows content developers to freely move audio files between platforms for processing. For example in addition to the uncompressed raw audio data, the Wave file formats stores information about the files, number of tracks, sample rate, and bit depth. Graphics Interchange Format A GIF (the original and preferred pronunciation is DJIF) is one of the two most common file formats for graphic images on the World Wide Web. The other is the JPEG. On the Web and elsewhere on the Internet, the GIF has become a standard form of image. Technically, a GIF uses the 2D-raster (sequence of horizontal lines that are scanned rapidly with an electron beam from left to right and top to bottom) data type. An animated GIF is a graphic image on a Web page that moves for example, a twirling icon or a banner with a hand that waves or letters that magically get larger. In particular, an animated GIF is a file in the Graphics Interchange Format specified as GIF89a that contains within the single file a set of images that are presented in a specified order. An animated GIF can loop endlessly (and it appears as though your document never finishes arriving) or it can present one or a few sequences and then stop the animation. JPEG A JPEG (pronounced JAY-peg) is a graphic image created by choosing from a range of Compression (reduction in size of data) qualities. When you create a JPEG or convert an image from another format to a JPEG, you are asked to specify the quality of image you want. Since the highest quality results in the largest file, you can make a trade-off between image quality and file size. Together with the GIF file formats, the JPEG is one of the image file formats supported on the World Wide Web, usually with the file suffix of .jpg. You can create a progressive JPEG that is similar to an interlaced GIF. Assets used Introduction Flash intro Bit map A bit map (often spelled bitmap) defines a display space and the colour for each pixel or bit in the display space. A GIF and JPEG are examples of graphic image file types that contain bit maps. A bit map does not need to contain a bit of colour-coded information for each pixel on every row. It only needs to contain information indicating a new colour as the display scans along a row. Thus, an image with much solid colour will tend to require a small bit map. Because a bit map uses a fixed or roaster graphics method of specifying an image, the image cannot be immediately re-scaled by a user without losing definition.

Grammar and Style Tips in Microsoft Word

Grammar and Style Tips in Microsoft Word Grammar and Style Tips in Microsoft Word As well as checking your spelling, Microsoft Word has a grammar and style tool. And while this is no replacement for proofreading, it can offer helpful advice while you’re writing. But to make proper use of the grammar and style tips in Word, you need to know how they work first. Grammar and Style Tips in Microsoft Word If you’ve used Microsoft Word before, you may have seen squiggly lines under words or phrases. This is how Word highlights errors. For example: Here, for instance, we have two â€Å"errors† highlighted. The red line indicates a spelling mistake. The blue line, however, indicates a stylistic issue. If we then right click and select Grammar from the menu, Word suggests using the active voice instead. This is helpful because, while the passive voice is not technically incorrect, the active voice would be more concise. But you should take care when following Microsoft Word’s stylistic advice, as it does get things wrong. And if you are going to use this feature, we therefore suggest customizing the advice it provides. Customizing Proofing Options To customize the grammar and style checker in Word for Windows: Go to File Options Proofing Scroll down to the When correcting grammar and spelling in Word section Click Settings to open the list of grammar and style options Accessing the proofing options. Here, you will find options related to the following: Grammar and punctuation (e.g., subject–verb agreement, comma splices) Clarity and concision (e.g., use of passive voice, wordiness) Formal language (e.g., use of slang or contractions) Other stylistic issues (e.g., gendered or clichà ©d language) Grammar and style settings. Once you have selected (or deselected) the options required, click OK to apply them. You can then click Recheck Document to look for grammar and style issues that may have been missed while you were writing. In Word for Mac, meanwhile, the proofing options are accessed via Preferences Spelling Grammar. Make sure to check these if you want more control over the grammar and style tips.

Property law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Property law - Case Study Example Thus, so long as the disseisor physically possess the land, and gained entry into the land without the permission of the owner, and has been using the land appropriately according to its resources and location, and also fulfilling the statutory duties regarding the property such as paying taxes, rates and rent for a reasonable period of time, then the disseisor has the right to the ownership of the property, without compensation to the rightful owner (Martin, 102). In this case, as the legal attorney, I would advise Barney to give up claims on the property as a legal advice, since the 2o years settled by Ernest on the land, and the consequent use and development allows him the right of ownership, under the concept of adverse possession, and tell him that God will reward him otherwise, as a spiritual advice, since his action would amount to helping others, which is a fundamental spiritual principle. The second issue regarding the move by the authorities to take over the beach house ow ned by Barney for the sake of developing the property as the â€Å"Future home of the Nickelodeon Family Resort†, can be pitched on the legal concept of Eminent Domain. ... y the authorities can then be developed for public utilities or economic generation projects, as long as the projects are undertaken to meet the public interest such as employment, providing basic services or availing a rare service to the region where the property is being has been taken over. Under the concept of Eminent Domain, the law provides that the rightful owner of the property that has been taken over by the state or other government agencies should be granted a just value compensation (Paul, 47). The law interprets just value to mean the prevailing fair market value. Therefore, considering the fact that the property owned by Barney is being taken over by the relevant government authorities in the best interest of the public, such as to create employment opportunities, then, the course is justifiable, under the legal concept of Eminent Domain. Therefore, as the attorney advising Barney on legal matters, I would recommend that he receives the due compensation being offered a s per the fair market value. Additionally, on the spiritual perspective, it would also be in line with the spiritual principle of sharing what an individual has with others, since the property will be applied in a way that would benefit many through service provision and employment creation. Therefore, it would be spiritually correct for Barney to allow the take-over of the property. On the third issue where Barney’s vehicle was stolen by Carl and then sold to a car dealer, the circumstances can be drawn from the legal concept of Good Faith Purchasers for Value. This concept defines a Good Faith Purchaser for Value, as an individual or party that purchases a property from another party, and gives value in exchange of that asset, without the due knowledge of adverse claims to that asset

English2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

English2 - Essay Example As the title suggests, the article is about five new technologies in the auto industry that are geared towards easing the burden of driving in modern times; these technologies are meant to make driving easier, especially for the safety conscious drivers. The article lists a number of technologies that are slowly revolutionizing the auto industry, and soon, are going to be the market driving forces for the entire auto industry. The main idea/thesis of this article is that, to attract the safety conscious drivers, some carmakers are revolutionizing the auto industry through the introduction of innovative and highly exotic technologies. The main goal of this article is to highlight some of the major technologies that are rapidly emerging in the auto industry, and the market trends that arise thereafter accordingly; the safety conscious drivers are being attracted to the new designs, and as tastes and preferences change, the said technology inevitably becomes cheaper. The article is highly objective and informative given that it not only comes from an authoritative source, but it also goes ahead to provide reputable examples and statistical evidence that backs the arguments it makes. In this respect, the points are strongly argued out to a logically satisfactory level, without bias of any sort or inaccuracies as the information can be verified as well. The writer of the article adopts a levelheaded tone that is strikingly informative as well as declarative; this is highly effective because it lends credence to the article by making it authoritative to the readers. The points are logically sequenced to allow for a regular flow of thought and cohesion in the arguments, an attempt by the writer at being communicative both effectively and efficiently. The target audience for this article is comprised of the safety conscious drivers and carmakers in the

Advertising Becoming A Companion Of Modern Life Media Essay

Advertising Becoming A Companion Of Modern Life Media Essay Now day advertising has craftily become an certain companion of modern life that we cant escape and keep away from, in fact its an intrinsic part of our daily lives. Everyones daily life and the life of many purchasers is affected by advertising. Consumer use advertising for its in-formativeness, as well as its entertainment value (Hoch and john Deighton 1989). It provides them with cues and clues to help, understand and appreciate their feelings. And in this manners it can change the nature of the response. Advertising helps consumers interpret these experiences and it recommend what should be noticed. When advertising works in this manner, it can exert an insidious effect on consumer behaviour. The importance and power of advertising, is not only just so much economic, but cultural. Advertising is not just a business expenditure undertaken in the hope of moving some merchandise off the store shelves, but is rather an integral part of modern culture (Goldman, Montagne,1986) Its significance comes in impact in consumer capitalism, where individuals depend on it for meanings, a basis of social information embedded in commodities that mediate interpersonal relations and personal identity. Advertising should therefore be conceived as an important institution in the consumer society because it produces patterned systems of meaning that play a key role in individual socialization and social reproduction. As to Encouraging current users to increase consumption of a product, generating more sales leads, increasing brand awareness, increasing repeat purchases, and supporting the personal selling effort are some specific objectives for advertising. As China hastens its transformation to a market economy, its advertising industry has witnessed one of the fastest expansion rates in the world. However very few researches have been done on Chinese advertising industry though there are many researches in advertising in the western world. The key issue remains how to establish whether there are important differences in cultural values among nations and to what degree those values affect advertising effectiveness. Problem of the Statement Since advertising start booming in China in the early 1979, it has become significantly an increasing important industry in the country. Many researchers have been made on advertising industry in the west and became one of everyday activity in the current market. However researches on Chinese advertising has generally been limited to journal articles, and chapters in books devoted to international advertising or international marketing as a whole. The entering of foreign advertising, growth, and operation in China has big significance to Chinese society and culture in general and to Chinese advertising in particular. Major western advertisement companies that are present in China are playing big role in changing the culture of new generations to the new era of modernization. As companies based in the United States and Europe continue to expand their markets globally, China, with its one billion plus population, has become a favourable market. Although these companies have attempted to implement Western-style advertising in China, most have yet to make substantial headway into the Chinese consumer awareness. The relative newness of advertising as a social phenomenon in China has created great difficulties for measuring advertising or marketing success in China (Lohtia, Wesley, and Linda (1994). These difficulties stem, in large measure, from Westerners lack of understanding of how to market their products and services directly to consumers in an ancient Eastern culture such as China. As advertising is a cultural product in its own right, when the East meets the West without a conjoining point, the marketing costs borne by advertisers could be unexpectedly exorbitant; such costs may come in the guise of missed opportunities or, worse yet, a battered product image. This argument lends support to proponents of the specialization approach in global advertising, even though the barriers to developing that specialized advertising approach may be many and difficult to anticipate (Donthu, Naveen, 1998). Moreover as far as legal issues concerned until the recent time the absence of clearly provided law on the area is another major problem for the industry and created vacuum for illegal advertisers, As a result big number of customers get in to trouble by unfair advertisement. The Purpose of the Study The purpose of our research is to investigate how consumers interpret and understand advertising that uses global or local appeals in China. Many companies are interested in the enormous potential of this worlds most populous market, which now also has the fastest-expanding advertising industry in the world. The country is awash in a mix of foreign and local goods, images, advertising appeals, and consumption ideas, and as a whole, there has been an increase in using Western appeals in advertising (Zhou, Nan, and Linming Meng, 1998) while at the same time, foreign advertisers tend to adapt their advertising to a Chinese context to varying degrees. Based on the above mentioned situations the purpose of the study is to examine cultural values as reflected in Western and Chinese advertising appeals. Also purpose of this study is also to assess a consumer-response approach to learn how Chinese consumers react to television and print advertisements with varying emphases on the global, foreign, or Western advertisings with regard to cultural differences to read the advertisements. The purpose of this research is also to examine what role advertising is playing in marketing and how it peruse people. Particularly what is the image of Chinese people on the development of advertising in China and to identify how they merge it to their own culture. Moreover we will try to examine which channel or media is the most preferable to advertise in the Chinese society. By learning more about the interplay of culture and advertising, marketing and advertising managers are in a better position to decide whether advertising using global appeals or local appeals is more appropriate for communicating with Chinese consumers. Research Methodology As mentioned before, books and other research documents are very limited for Chinese advertising industry. So the study is an explorative qualitative study and all primary and secondary data has been assessed in qualitative way rather than numerical or quantitative method. The primary data comes from the interviews and direct information is used from selected enterprises and factories, from their annual reports and different related resources materials. The selected companies are from different industries such as: food, cosmetics, fashion, medicine and in the same time consumers that have been selected are from somehow related to those industries. In addition direct verbal interview were performed with some of the managers from the selected factories. Conclusion (part of) Although the scale of foreign investment in the advertising industry is relatively small, it has helped introduce advanced technologies, management experience and talented personnel to the industry, and has improved the overall level of Chinas advertising industry. Despite some controversial foreign advertisements hurt the feelings of some local consumers but still foreign advertising companies are doing well and making huge contribution for the development of advertising industry in China. Regarding cultural issue Chinese companies and consumers are not facing only marketing challenges but also cultural challenges from international adv companies. According to the finding, in one way or another Chinese young generation is dominated by western custom and culture, so local companies should move fast to protect the culture from western cultural invasion. As the most dominant advertising medium, television was the most likely to be remembered and talked about. As a result according our finding many big and medium companies chooses TV as the best media to advertise their product and service. However many small local enterprises chooses newspaper and flyers.

Native American Headdresses

Headdresses are a great symbol of the American traditional attire. They are a representative of the beautiful American art work. Most of the headdresses in the American art history have been associated with the Indians and South Americans . The history of the headdresses can be traced back in the sixteenth century. Since then the Americans have had a variety of headdresses all which are made in different styles and decorations. The headdresses also had various means and were worn during specific occasions (Beamer,23).The paper discusses a collection of the native American head dresses, how they were made, when they were worn , the ethnic groups associated with them as well as the differences between the headdresses. One of the headdresses in the native American history is the Feather war bonnet. The war bonnets were made of feather and were very common in the western movies and television shows. This war bonnets remain the best among the Indian headdresses in America. They were worn by most of the Indian tribes in the Great Plains who included the Cheyenne, Plains Cree, Black feet,Crow and the Sioux.The bonnets were worn during formal events. The bonnets were made of three types which included the Trailer war bonnet, Halo Warbonnet and the strait-up warbonnets. All the three types were made from tail feathers of the Golden eagle. Every single feather used in the artwork had to be worn from very brave actions. some of the feathers were painted red in colour to commemorate certain events or deeds. Other decorations added to the feathers included the ermine skin and also beautiful bead work. The war bonnets were very crucial regalia worn by the chiefs and the warriors during ceremonies.This war bonnet was exclusively a masculine headdress and was not worn worn by the women even if they went to war or they were chiefs (Taylor,113). The Indian men wore this bonnet sometimes when they were fighting although it was usually reserved for the formal occasions. In the 18t h century, the native American men started to were the warbonnets to boost the American tourist industry. As the native American tribes divided, Indian tribes assumed different territories and they attached different means to the traditional regalia. The new tribes that were formed adopted the warbonnet as fashion and a general regalia that symbolized authority.As for the traditional plains Indians they referred to the feather warbonnet as a holy symbol of men's courage and honor. Each of the feathers in the bonnet had it own different tale. Today, the Eagle feathers are still honored by the plains Indians and they are awarded to those who work in the armies and also those who perform very brave actions (James, 67) The Roach Headdresses which are also referred to as the porcupine Roaches were also very famous headdresses among the Indians in the United States. It was common among the tribes that lived in the east side of the Rocky Mountains.This type of headdresses were made from ve ry stiff animal hair mostly from the porcupine guard hair, the deer's tail hair and the moose hair. The hair was designed to stand up straight from the head and this was made possible by attaching the hair to a leather base or bone hair ornaments. The hair was normally dyed to enhance its with bright colours. Other decorations that were attached to the regalia were feathers and shells. The roach headdress was worn differently depending on the tribes of the men wearing it. It was normally worn by the dancers and the traditional warriors.They were also masculine headdresses and they were therefore not worn by women. Different tribes attached different meanings to the Roach Headdress. Most of the tribes wore the headdress during war or battle. Other tribes wore the roaches as traditional dancing regalia and also as a sports gear. Today the roaches are important dancing regalia for males in most Indian tribes (Beamer,27). In the west of the rocky mountains, there was another common head dress commonly known as the basket hats among the native Americans. The hats were made of different shapes and styles by the different native tribes.The Indian tribes from California made small rounded hats that were usually made from tight coiled sumac (James, 69). The coastal tribes, the Haida and the Salish made large hats which were more round from spruce root or cedar bark fibers. This regalia was generally feminine and was worn by women and girls. The hats were made in very decorative styles to enhance their beauty. The regalia was worn during ceremonies and also as a dancing regalia. This baskets had a special symbol of giving information about the person s clan, status and also ones achievements in the tribe(Taylor,118).Another popular regalia by the native Americans was the feather headbands. This was a headdress that was common among very few communities in the northeast woodlands of America. The head band was made from finger woven and also beaded skin from the deer . The woven band would then be tied around one or two feathers. They used a variety of feathers from the eagles, hawk, turkey, crane feathers and also egret feathers. The headband was unisex and could be worn by both men and women. Unlike most regalia's , the headband was not associated with war or battles.The feathers that were used to make the band were not attached to any special meaning although the eagle feathers were always associated with the warriors. They were worn for their beauty and they were therefore very decorated using different patterns, beads and also quill work (Creighton, 98). Buffalo headdress is also another traditional regalia associated with the warriors from the plains Indians. They were kind of helmets made from the buffalo hides and had a pair of buffalo horns attached to them. The headdress was also containing shaggy fur from the buffalo skin and a tail was attached behind.Just like the warbonnets, the horned headdresses signified the tribes spiritual believes and was also worn during ceremonies. The regalia was worn by very distinguished male warriors. It was less common than the war bonnet because only a few communities used it and it was also meant for very few persons who had certain specific brave actions (Milia, 57). The Otter fur turbans were also among the traditional regalia worn during ceremonies. They were made of fur and with a hanging tail. They were usually decorated with beads. They were formal headdresses with great symbolic significance.They were worn during formal events by the warriors who were not entering battle. To date, the otter caps are worn during formal events by the men from the southern Plains Indians (Beamer,54). The Mexican, central and also the South Americans had their own headdresses which were made from feathers. This headdresses were very different from the war bonnets which were also made from feathers. The Aztecs and the Mayans who made this head dresses used to sew together many feathers which were then attached at the back of their heads using straps. The eagle feathers were not used to make this regalia.They used the feathers from the macaw, parrot and the Quetzal feathers. The head dress was also unisex and could be worn by both men and women. They were not associated with the war but they were used to signify nobility in the Aztec empire. Today they are worn by the dancers form Guatemala and also from Mexico (Taylor,221). Another famous headdresses worn by the native Americans were the masks. The most famous mask is the American Indian mask. The masks were used for religious functions. The masks were made in different types in respective to the different communities making them.Most of the Masks were made of the head and also skulls of very crucial animals. This included animals such as the buffalo bull, the wolf and also the bear. Other masks were curved from wood and were then decorated using fur and leather. The masks were normally worn by men as a dancing regalia (Beam er,72). Other Traditional head dresses include the Iroquois gustoweh cap, the Hupa Flicker headdress, the Seminole cloth turban and the Pueblo headband. This were all masculine head dresses. The feathers that made the Gustoweh symbolize the specific tribe an individual came from.For example, three feathers attached to the gustoweh showed that the specific individual came from the Mohawk tribe. The flicker head dresses were worn by men from the northern California as a dancing regalia(Milia, 88). It was made from very wide leather strips which were decorated with the woodpecker's red scalps. The cloth turban was common during the eighteenth century. They were also decorated using feathers and were very common among the different native American tribes. The other head dresses which were common among the women include the Cayuga beaded tiara, peaked hood, the Eskimo dance headdress and the Wishram bridal headdress.The tiara was normally worn during formal events while the Wishram was w orn during wedding ceremonies (James, 86). In conclusion the native Americans had a variety of the traditional headdresses. They are still present today and they are sold in most headdress shops. They are very important to the Americans since they preserve their culture especially to the Indian-Americans. They are also a tourist attraction for both the domestic and the international tourists who are interested in the history of the native American art work. Work cited Arlene B.Hirschfelder, Yvonne Beamer. Native Americans Today: Resources and Activities for Educators, Grades 4-8. Published by Libraries Unlimited, 2000,p 23-76 Colin F. Taylor. The American Indian: The Indigenous People Of North America. Courage Books, 2002, p112-223 Davenport, Milia. The Book of Costume. New York, Crown Publishers, 1948, p 54-97 Gilbert, Creighton. History of Renaissance Art throughout Europe. New York, Harry N. Abrams, 1973, p65-105 Laver, James. Costume and Fashion. A Concise History. New York, Tha mes and Hudson, 1985, p 67-89