The Self-Serving Bias Essay - 624 Words

In this comic strip by Matt Groening, the main character, Bongo, is being picked on by another character that is telling him that everyone in the world hates your guts. Generally, most individuals perceive their selves as being better than average. We are familiar with our own talents, thoughts, feelings, and emotions more so than anybody elses. This leads to a self-serving bias. In the comic, Bongo reassures himself of his greatness until he looks in the mirror. The mirror causes Bongo to be more self-aware of his uncertainty. I chose this particular comic not only because it illistrates the self-serving bias, but also because of the way it incorporates the mirror and Bongos self-awareness. The text defines self-serving bias as†¦show more content†¦If an undesirable action cannot be forgotten or undone, then often it is justified. Social psychological research has established, that our past actions influence our current attitudes. Every time we act, we increase the idea behind what we have done, especially when we feel some responsibility for having committed the act. In experiments, people who oppress someone, take the Stanford prison simulation by Dr. Phillip Zimbardo for example, tend later to criticize their victim. The self-serving bias is universal. Even education does not eliminate this bias. Lets discuss some elements of the self-serving bias. First individuals often seem to have an unrealistic optimism. You can call this the It wont happen to me attitude. Optimism predisposes a positive approach to life. Sometimes this unrealistic optimism can make an individual seem larger than life. For example, students who are overconfident tend to under prepare. Another example of unrealistic optimism can be seem in newly weds. Most couples marry feeling confident of long term love when in reality half of all marriages fail. The false consensus effect is the tendency to overestimate the commonality of ones opinions and ones undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors. When we behave badly or fail in a task we reassure ourselves by thinking that such mistakes are common. Individuals presume that others have the sameShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Self Serving Bias1072 Words   |  5 Pageswill explain the concept of self-serving bias and provide examples of how we use self- serving bias in our daily lives. Two articles will be presented in this paper showing how researchers suggested the presence of self-serving attributional bias with people making more internal, stable, and global attributions for positive events, rather than for negative events. The second article will discuss how emotions, judgement, and attributions influence the self-serving bias. The methods used, and researchingRead MoreAttribution Error And Self Serving Bias2175 Words   |  9 Pagesanything such as, behavior of others or self, in order to make the world more foreseeable. But those explanations could involve bias and often incorrect. Two errors of attribution is the fundamental attribution error and self-serving bias. Fundamental attribution error (FAE) is the tendency of an observer to overestimate the influence of personal dispositional factors and underestimate the influence of situational factors causes for behavior. And self-serving bias (SSB) is the tendency to attribute successesRead MoreHuman Beings Use Self Serving Bias1878 Words   |  8 Pagesuse self-serving bias within our daily lives, and explain why we tend to identify, or focus on our successes, and refuse to acknowledge or own up to our failures. The question here is why do we as individuals tend to avoid, blame, or ignore the inadequacies within our lives. Many researchers â€Å"believed that our emotions played a role in self-serving bias†, and many studies were conducted to â€Å"determine how emotions, judgement, and attributions†, can strongly influence us into self-serving bias. AttributionRead MoreThis Essay Will Cover Topics On Psychopathology, Conformity1645 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will cover topics on Psychopathology, conformity as an effective behavioral response, as well as touch on three different bias, the self-centered bias, the unassuming bias, and the group-serving bias. Psychopathology is defined as the origin of mental disorders, the symptoms they reveal them selves as, and how they develop. In this essay, I will be going over 2 perspectives on Psychopathology. They are the Relativist Perspective, and the Universalist Perspective. The Relativist PerspectiveRead MoreIs It Possible That We Focus Too Much On Heightening Children s Self Esteem? Essay774 Words   |  4 Pagestoo much on heightening children’s self-esteem? Are there any hazards? Describe them and suggest alternatives. I believe it is possible that we focus too much on heightening children’s self-esteem. From my perspective, I would only heightening children’s self-esteem to build self-confidence, help children to be able to discover their true identity, and prevent negativity of children’s self-worth. The hazards could be the result of children to become too self-love, or become arrogant, which couldRead MoreErrors in Attribution1404 Words   |  6 PagesDiscuss two errors in attributions Attribution bias is the illogical reasoning behind people’s decisions about one’s own and others’ behaviour by giving objective views on situations, it is essentially faults in a process of elucidation and can lead to errors in interpretation of our own and other’s behaviour because: a) People are ‘cognitive misers’ – we do not examine all the evidence provided or we take mental shortcuts (linking to social cognition) to reach a conclusion, leading to wrongRead MoreThe Dangers Of Self Esteem948 Words   |  4 Pagesthere are many possible hazards if we focus too much on heightening the self-esteem of children. One example is that children with very high self-esteem could have a lack of motivation in regards to academic assignments and exams. They may not feel the need to study or put in the work to try their best due to the fact that they have the mentality of â€Å"I’m so smart, so I don’t need to study.† Another example is that high self-esteem could lead children to losing respect towards authority. When childrenRead MoreBarriers to Critical Thinking941 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom thinking critically, even though you may not be aware of it. Though there are more barriers that inhibit critical thinking then I can coun t on my fingers and toes, some familiar and popular barriers one may face are egotistical thinking, self-serving bias, and of course, emotional influences. The Ego Defense â€Å"Ego Defenses are psychological coping strategies that distort reality in order to protect ourselves from anxiety, guilt, and other bad feelings† (Goodpastor amp; Kirby, 2007, ChapterRead MoreAttribution Theory On The Decision Making Process Of Tom And Amy1228 Words   |  5 Pagestend to manipulate their behaviours, such as eye contact, smiling, gesture, to impress interviewers. In this interview scenario, three biases may affect decision making and selection made by Tom and Amy are the confirmation bias, anchoring bias and stereotyping. Conformation bias is the tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradict past judgement. (Robbins, Judge, Millet Boyle, 2011). In the case of Greg, as Tom already has the opinion ofRead MoreHow Do People Explain Their Own And Other People s Behavior?1444 Words   |  6 Pagesbehaviour is the motivated tactician explanation. This is the explanation that we sometimes apply logical thought â€Å"in the interests of adaptability and accuracy, and sometimes [the motivated tactician chooses] defensively, in the interests of speed or self-esteem† (Fiske Taylor, 2013, p. 13). For example, we may be more motivated to attempt to explain the behaviour of ourselves and those close to us than the behaviour of acquaintances, because the latter is of less importance and rel evance to us; trying

Alcohol in the body Free Essays

After the ingestion of the alcohol by the man, it passes from the stomach then to the intestines and into the blood stream in a process called absorption. This alcohol is then broken down by body chemicals called enzymes. In this case alcohol is converted to acetaldehyde after a mediation of an enzyme called Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH). We will write a custom essay sample on Alcohol in the body or any similar topic only for you Order Now ADH is believed to cause non-dehydration symptoms of hangover, like nausea. This process occurs in the liver. Under the influence of other enzymes acetaldehyde is quickly converted to acetate which is eventually reduced to water and carbon dioxide. An enzyme called cytochrome in the liver metabolizes the liver. This enzyme is increased in the event of continuous heavy drinking by the person in question. Although large percentage of alcohol consumed is metabolized in the liver, some small portions of unmetabolized alcohol will still find their way in urine of the individual. It is also likely to find some portions in breath. 30 to 45 minutes of after will see the man’s blood alcohol level rise. Despite the amount of alcohol consumed by the individual, the liver will only be able to metabolize a specified amount of alcohol per hour. This rate of alcohol metabolism depends on the amount of metabolizing enzymes in the liver of the guy. This amount of enzymes varies from one individual to another. It appears to have some genetic determinants. Alcohol is absorbed more slowly than it is consumed. Consequently, the consumption needs to be checked to reduce the risk of it accumulating in the body due to its slow metabolism. Alcohol can even intoxicate the body. How to cite Alcohol in the body, Papers

Barack Obama and Topic Sentence free essay sample

Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence. 7. W. 4. CSS. Produce clear and coherent writing In which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience Your Task is to Write a five-paragraph letter to President Barack Obama explaining why private citizens right to bear arms should be upheld OR write a five paragraph letter to President Barack Obama explaining why he should work toward restricting gun ownership and gun usage. Use direct quotes from the articles you have analyzed in lass to substantiate your beliefs.Your paragraphs should be comprised of the following ; Introduction Begin with a hook or grabber. Explain why people generally feel the need to own guns. Explain why other people generally feel that people should not own guns. End with a thesis statement by stating the three reasons (or three articles) why you believe the President should OR should not tamper with the individuals right to own guns and briefly give three reasons (or mention the three articles that you will use to support your position) why you feel that way. We will write a custom essay sample on Barack Obama and Topic Sentence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Body Begin with a topic sentence that states your first reason or article that shows why gun ownership and use should be untouched OR limited. Provide a quote (#1) that supports your opinion. Explain what that quote (#1) means in your own words. Explain how this quote (#1) supports your topic sentence. Write a second quote (#2) from the text. Explain what your second quote (#2) means In your own words. Explain how that second quote (#2) supports your topic sentence. Write a third quote (#3) from the text.Explain what your third quote (#3) means In your own words. Explain how that third quote (#3) supports your topic sentence. End with a transitional sentence that mentions the next reason or article you will be discussing. ; Body Begin with a topic sentence that states your second reason or article that (#1) that supports your opinion. Explain what that quote (#1) means in your own words. Explain how this quote (#1) supports your topic sentence. Write a second quote (#2) from the text. Explain what your second quote (#2) means in your own words.Explain how that second quote (#2) supports your topic sentence. Write a third quote (#3) from the text. Explain what your third quote (#3) means in your own words. Explain how that third quote (#3) supports your topic sentence. End with a transitional sentence that mentions an opposing viewpoint. ; Body Begin with a topic sentence that states the opposing viewpoint. It should show why people would disagree with your viewpoint. Provide a quote (#1) that shows how someone could disagree with your viewpoint. Then, explain what that opposing viewpoint #1 means.Explain why that opposing viewpoint #1 is wrong or misguided. Provide a second quote (#2) that shows how someone could disagree with your viewpoint. Then, explain what that opposing viewpoint #2 means. Explain why that opposing viewpoint #2 is wrong or misguided. Provide a third quote (#3) that shows how someone could disagree with your viewpoint. Then, explain what that opposing viewpoint #3 means. Explain why that opposing viewpoint #3 is wrong or misguided. End with a transitional sentence that shows why your position is the correct one.

Tess life Essay Example

Tess life Paper Also, Hardy tries to show the more optimistic future for Tess in Talbothays by using many techniques in his language for the audience to detect a more positive atmosphere in Tess future. For example, he describes the valley in which Talbothays lies to be luxuriantly beautiful. These adjectives make the valley sound appealing and thus this may describe the future for Tess to be appealing. Furthermore, the adjectives clear, bracing, ethereal portrays the valley to be heavenly and peaceful; a fate that Tess has probably been longing for. This concept is extended as Hardy also uses the adjectives to describe the river to be slow, soft and often turbid which also showed the valley to be tranquil and a place to be desired which is underlined by the use of alliteration. Moreover, Hardy uses the phrase; The Froom waters were clear as the pure River of Life shown to the Evangelist. This signifies how positive Tess is feeling as before, in her past, she had been considered to sin against her religion thus religion was seen as being unfair to her. Here, however, the valley is conceived to be a quite a holy and pure place which shows that religion is on her side; the adjectives, clear and pure suggest this, and the concept of religion is shown by the noun Evangelist. This has an encouraging effect on Tess as further on in the Chapter, she begins to chant; O ye Sun and Moon . . . O ye Stars . . . This illustrates that Tess feels lightened and that she is prepared to leave her past behind and start afresh. This is furthered as she says bless ye the Lord, praise Him and magnify him forever! We will write a custom essay sample on Tess life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tess life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tess life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This shows Tess to be forgiving as she is now still keeping faith in her religion despite Sorrow dying and being buried in the allotment of the graveyard because he was not baptised properly. Also the chanting shows Tess to be quite cheerful and optimistic which shows the effect of the amid new scenes around her, which had sent up her spirits wonderfully. Furthermore, Hardy ends the chapter with a rich description, to perhaps show the readers the future that lies ahead for Tess at Talbothays; their large-veined udders hung ponderous as sandbags. This simile is referring to the cows as Talbothays and this whole concept can be regarded as a metaphor which ultimately shows Tess future to be prosperous and fruitful as he says that the cows have too much milk in stock. This is shown by the adjectives ponderous and large-veined. Also they are compared to be sand bags as they are heavy with milk. This means that Tess will also have a positive future because she finds friendship and love at the farm. Chapters 43 and 47 narrate Tess life after Angel marries her but then leaves her when he finds out about her being raped by Alec. She spends this time at Flintcomb Ash, and this can be considered her lowest point of her life so far. Matters are worsened when she meets Alec again. At this point, Tess life has changed dramatically and quite rapidly. In chapter 16 she was seen to have a positive future ahead of her, however now it seems like her fate has changed as she is living a life of sorrow and solitude without her husband. Hardy has set this time of the year to be cold and dark, in which the bright hours of Tess life have disappeared. The readers can seen this instantly as Hardy uses pathetic fallacy to describe Tess mood; the rain had no occasion to fall. This is suggesting that the rain was continuous and that it was a part of Tess now as she remained heartbroken all the time. Also, Hardy uses personification; yelling wind. This can be interpreted as Tess feeling trapped at Flintcomb Ash as she has no where to go and this ultimately makes her feel useless for being so helpless. Hardy also uses alliteration to describe the surroundings of Flint comb Ash, the words desolate drab signify how boring and tedious it is at the farm. The word desolate suggests sadness for Tess and can be connoted to be quite grey and down. The simile Hardy uses; as if a face, from chin to brow, should be only an expanse of skin. illustrates Flint-comb Ash to be boring, and tells the readers that Tess feels nothing but continuous sorrow day after day. Overall the rain and the wind suggest a dark time for Tess. Moreover, in chapter 47, Hardy gives a description of Tess working at Flint-comb ash during the harvest time. Here, Hardy re-introduces the thresher machine which the farm workers are now using for the harvest. Hardy calls it a red tyrant that the woman had come to serve it. This implies that it has control over the workers in the harvest and that incorporates hard work and labour as it is need to be looked after at all times; the man who fed it could not stop. This also suggests that the machine was a monster and Hardy used the machine before, to describe the hard labour in Tess life when she had Sorrow, her baby, just after she was raped. The Machine ultimately displays the bad times for Tess as it is shown when Tess life is not in the most positive state. We can tell that Hardy dislikes the machine as he calls it a tyrant which is a negative metaphor. This shows that his overall view on the industrial revolution was that it was a bad thing. Hardy also illustrates the labourers work to be continuous and straining. This is shown as he states that the machine kept up a despotic demand upon the endurance of their muscles and nerves. This, again, furthers the monstrosity of the thresher machine and also portrays the labourers work to be hard and very manual despite the invention and introduction of machinery as the words despotic and demand are used and this use of alliteration emphasises the monotony of the work. The noun endurance emphasises how much strength was needed to be used and this is seen as harsh for the workers. The conditions would be hard and boring for example, the labour prevented speech. The workers work, overall is conceived to be tiring and strenuous. To conclude, Thomas Hardy has used a range of many different techniques of figurative language to display the setting and thus Tess feelings and mood. Furthermore, he uses the techniques to help the readers predict what the future holds for Tess for example he uses pathetic fallacy, metaphors, similes, adjectives and personification to do this. Hardy used all these techniques to help the reader understand and perhaps paint a visual picture of the setting and story. This means that the readers can visually picture the mood and feelings of Tess whilst reading about her life. Hardy may have written this story to highlight abuse of the lower class society of the country and of women. I feel that he wrote this novel to acknowledge the real issues with society and the unfairness behind many events which happened so much in the past but had been over-looked. Moreover, Fate is the biggest theme in this novel and can be seen as a very important aspect in peoples lives in the past. Although Hardy may feel that what happens to Tess is unfair, he shows his belief in fate. For example, Hardy makes it that Tess has no control over certain events in her life but when she tries to grasp hold of her own life and kills Alec, she is hanged. This may ultimately infer that Hardy believed in fate as this shows that Tess has no control over her life and that when she does, things do not go as she plans. I feel that the readers in the past may have seen this novel to be quite controversial in the messages put across as Hardy may have been seen to be blaming religion for Tess state. Furthermore, Hardy may have also tried to emphasise how society is unfair to Tess as she is almost shunned to such an extent for being an unmarried mother. This is not her fault as Alec rapes her but as she is a lower class woman and Alec is of a higher class, he felt that he could do what he wanted with her. This signifies the injustice on Tess part as the class system in the past meant that she is blamed for her own state and shows that Hardy felt this is wrong. Readers in the past may have felt that what happened to Tess was quite normal and not as surprising. However, I think that people nowadays can empathise more with Tess as the events which occur dont happen as much nowadays and because society has changed dramatically. Overall, I feel that Hardy wrote this novel to expose the wrong that happened in society in his views.

Free Essays on Tamoxifen

TAMOXIFEN 1. Why shouldn’t everyone all women take the drug tamoxifen? Which category of women may be helped? Why might â€Å"more women be harmed than helped? It couldn’t be determined which women were at high risk. It was not sure that tamoxifen would not cure breast cancer â€Å"but prevent it.† Many women have died or developed cancer of the uterine lining or blood clots. 2. How does tamoxifen work in the body? It prevents the hormone estrogen from over stimulating breast tissue. PATTERN AND OBSERVATION: It prevents the hormone estrogen from over stimulating breast tissue. PREDICTION: If 85 women developed cancer when they took tamoxifen against against 154 women who took a placebo. Then: Tamoxifen should be given to the 154 who have developed cancer. EXPERIMENT: Remove breast tissue from both category of women to see what is causing the cancer. PATTERN OF RESULTS: The % of women should be less in developing breast cancer when tamoxifen is used. 4. What causes tamoxifen to develop blood clots or cancer of the uterine lining in women. 5. Retest tamoxifen to find out what caused the lining of the uterus to be cancerous in 33 women tested. b. test the placebo to see what it contains that prevents less women to develop breast cancer than when they used tamoxifen. c. inject good tissue with cancerous cells to see if it develops cancer. d. Does the lining of the uterus contain the same gene as breast tissue. Hence the development of cancer of the uterine lining. HERCEPTI N: Herceptin should only be given to women with advanced breast cancer. b. women with mestastic breast cancer whose tumors produced excessive amounts of HER2 receptors. OBSERVATION: Herceptin targets a special gene alteration linked to the cancer. HYPOTHESIS: HERC... Free Essays on Tamoxifen Free Essays on Tamoxifen TAMOXIFEN 1. Why shouldn’t everyone all women take the drug tamoxifen? Which category of women may be helped? Why might â€Å"more women be harmed than helped? It couldn’t be determined which women were at high risk. It was not sure that tamoxifen would not cure breast cancer â€Å"but prevent it.† Many women have died or developed cancer of the uterine lining or blood clots. 2. How does tamoxifen work in the body? It prevents the hormone estrogen from over stimulating breast tissue. PATTERN AND OBSERVATION: It prevents the hormone estrogen from over stimulating breast tissue. PREDICTION: If 85 women developed cancer when they took tamoxifen against against 154 women who took a placebo. Then: Tamoxifen should be given to the 154 who have developed cancer. EXPERIMENT: Remove breast tissue from both category of women to see what is causing the cancer. PATTERN OF RESULTS: The % of women should be less in developing breast cancer when tamoxifen is used. 4. What causes tamoxifen to develop blood clots or cancer of the uterine lining in women. 5. Retest tamoxifen to find out what caused the lining of the uterus to be cancerous in 33 women tested. b. test the placebo to see what it contains that prevents less women to develop breast cancer than when they used tamoxifen. c. inject good tissue with cancerous cells to see if it develops cancer. d. Does the lining of the uterus contain the same gene as breast tissue. Hence the development of cancer of the uterine lining. HERCEPTI N: Herceptin should only be given to women with advanced breast cancer. b. women with mestastic breast cancer whose tumors produced excessive amounts of HER2 receptors. OBSERVATION: Herceptin targets a special gene alteration linked to the cancer. HYPOTHESIS: HERC...

Profile and Biography of Socrates

Profile and Biography of Socrates The Greek philosopher Socrates was born c. 470/469 B.C., in Athens, and died in 399 B.C. To put this in the context of the other great men of his time, the sculptor Pheidias died c. 430; Sophocles and Euripides died c. 406; Pericles died in 429; Thucydides died c. 399; and the architect Ictinus completed the Parthenon in c. 438. Athens was producing the extraordinary art and monuments for which she would be remembered. Beauty, including personal, was vital. It was linked with being good. However, Socrates was ugly, according to all accounts, a fact that made him a good target for Aristophanes in his comedies. Who Was Socrates? Socrates was a great Greek philosopher, possibly the wisest sage of all time. He is famous for contributing to philosophy: Pithy sayingsThe Socratic method of discussion or dialogueSocratic irony A discussion of Greek democracy often focuses on a sadder aspect of his life: his state-mandated execution. Family Although we have many details about his death, we know little about the life of Socrates. Plato provides us the names of some of his family members: Socrates father was Sophroniscus (thought to have been a stonemason), his mother was Phaenarete, and his wife, Xanthippe (a proverbial shrew). Socrates had 3 sons, Lamprocles, Sophroniscus, and Menexenus. The oldest, Lamprocles, was about 15 at the time his father died. Death The Council of 500 [see Athenian Officials in the Time of Pericles] condemned Socrates to death for impiety for not believing in the gods of the city and for introducing new gods. He was offered an alternative to death, paying a fine, but refused it. Socrates fulfilled his sentence by drinking a cup of poison hemlock in front of friends. Socrates as Citizen of Athens Socrates is remembered chiefly as a philosopher and the teacher of Plato, but he was also a citizen of Athens, and served the military as a hoplite during the Peloponnesian War, at Potidaea (432–429), where he saved Alcibiades life in a skirmish, Delium (424), where he remained calm while most around him were in a panic, and Amphipolis (422). Socrates also participated in the Athenian democratic political organ, the Council of the 500. As a Sophist The 5th century B.C. sophists, a name based on the Greek word for wisdom, are familiar to us mostly from the writings of Aristophanes, Plato, and Xenophon, who opposed them. Sophists taught valuable skills, especially rhetoric, for a price. Although Plato shows Socrates opposing the sophists, and not charging for his instruction, Aristophanes, in his comedy Clouds, portrays Socrates as a greedy master of the sophists craft. Although Plato is considered the most reliable source on Socrates and he says Socrates was not a sophist, opinions differ on whether Socrates was essentially different from the (other) sophists. Contemporary Sources Socrates is not known to have written anything. He is best known for the dialogues of Plato, but before Plato painted his memorable portrait in his dialogues, Socrates was an object of ridicule, described as a sophist, by Aristophanes. In addition to writing about his life and teaching, Plato and Xenophon wrote about Socrates defense at his trial, in separate works both called Apology. The Socratic Method Socrates is known for the Socratic method (elenchus), Socratic irony, and the pursuit of knowledge. Socrates is famous for saying that he knows nothing and that the unexamined life is not worth living. The Socratic method involves asking a series of questions until a contradiction emerges invalidating the initial assumption. Socratic irony is the position that the inquisitor takes that he knows nothing while leading the questioning.

Political science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 6

Political science - Essay Example The Supreme Court is a political institution like the other branches of the government such as the executive thus cannot be relied upon to make decisions on the original intention of the bill of rights. Supreme Court decisions and interpretation of the constitution is not always wrong, but the political influences experienced results to an opinion that reflects the current political tide (Garry 30). There is no explicit wording in the constitution or bill of rights that applies on to the federal government. The Constitution applies universally to all citizens and institutions in the whole nation and so do the bill of rights. The constitution and the bill of rights are thus inseparable and apply universally to the federal government, state or local authority governments. Article VI, Section 2 of the constitution is clear on the intention of those who framed the constitution since it states that ‘the constitution shall be Supreme law of land, and judges in every state shall be bound by the constitution’. Since the constitution framers implied that the judges in every state must obey the laws regardless of any contradictory state laws, it is clear that the intention was to limit the powers of both levels of government and protect the rights of all citizens in the country (Garry 67). From the ten amendments, it is only the first amendment that states that ‘Congress shall make not law’, but none of the other articles Congress shall not make such laws. It is clear from the other nine amendments that this are constitutional general statements that protect the rights of all citizens against excessive powers of federal, local and state governments. The first amendment was worded differently due to the prevailing political units and inhabitants in every state since most states were bound by religion and origin (Garry 123). The bill of rights does not intend to restrict government powers since historically there was no federal militia